Which of the following is NOT one of Porter’s three generic strategies?

• A. Cost Leader
• B. Differentiation
• C. Niche or Focus
• D. Market Penetration

Answer: (D)

Porter’s three generic strategies describe how a firm positions itself to compete: pursue the lowest cost in the industry, offer products or services that are distinctly different, or focus on a narrow market segment with tailored offerings. Market penetration is about growing sales within existing markets and increasing market share, which is a growth tactic rather than a fundamental competitive position. So it isn’t one of Porter’s generic strategies. The other options align with his framework: cost leadership, differentiation, and focus (niche).